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From Sahih Bukhari, The Collection of Hadith, narrated by Aisha; trans. M. Muhsin Khan; vol.I, bk. 1, no.3. Aisha was Muhammad¡¦s favorite wife in his old age. ¥ì´µÄõªº¶}©l §@ªÌ¡GWilliam M. Miller «Â·G•¦Ì°Ç¡]Willian M. Miller¡^¬O¦b¥ì®Ô«Å±Ðªº°ò·þ±Ðªø¦Ñ·|ªº«Å±Ð¤h¡A¨Æ©^®É¶¡±q1919¦~¨ì1962¦~¡C¥L¤_1995¦~Ãã¥@¡A¨É¦~101嵗¡A¬O°Ñ¥[¾Ç¥Í¦ÛÄ@¹B°Êªº³Ì«á´X¦ì«Å±Ð¤h¤§¤@¡C Adapted from William M. Miller, A Christian¡¦s Response to Islam (Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1980) pp. 13-40. 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Islamic Women (New York:Anchor Books, 2004). ¦b¥X¨«³Á¦a¨º«áªº²Ä¤Q¦~¡A¿p¨uÀq¼w«e©¹³Á¥[¤j´Â¡]Hajj¡^¡A³o¦¨¤F¥L³Ì«á¤@¦¸´ÂÂÑ¡C¥L±a¤W¤F©Ò¦³ªº©d¤l¡A¾Ú説¦³¤@¸U¤H³¦P¡C¥L«ö·Ó¥jÉݱЪº¶Ç²Î¦æ§¹¤F´ÂÂѤW©Ò¦³ªºÂ§»ö¡A¦}±N¤§¦X¶i¥Lªº©v±Ðùر¡A¥H¦¹§@¬°¥H«á´ÂÂѪ̿í´`ªº½d¨Ò¡C¥L¦b¨ºùØ°µ¤F¤@Óºt説¡A¦³¥y¸Ü説¹D¡G¡u¤µ¤Ñ¡A§Ú¤w¬°§A̦¨¥þ§A̪º©v±Ð¡v¡]¥jÄõ¸g5¡G5¡^¡C ¤°¸¬£ªº¿p´µªL¦³¤@ӶDzÎ説ªk¡A¦bªð¦^³Á¦a¨ºªº®È³~¤W¡A¿p¨uÀq¼wÅý¨®¶¤°±¦b¨Fºzªº¤@¬q«D±`ª¢¼öªº¦a¤è¡AÅý©Ò¦³¤H¶°¤¤¨ì¥Lªº©P³ò¡CµM«á¥L§â¥Lªº¤k´BªüùØ¥s¨ì¨Ãä¡A¥ô©R¥L¬°¥LªºÄ~©Ó¤H¡A¦}Åñ©J¦b³õªº¤HnªA±q¤_ªüùØ¡C³oÓ¶Ç説³Q¨ä¥L¿p´µªL©Ò¤Ï¹ï¡A説¥¦¬O¤£¯u¹êªº¡C ¿p¨uÀq¼w¦^¨ì³Á¦a¨º¤§«á¤£¤[¡A«K±o¤F«¯f¡C¥L¾á¤ß¥L¦º«á¡A°lÀHªÌ内³¡¤§¶¡·|¦³¯É争¡A«K§i»|»â¾ÉªÌÌn¤¬¬Û©¾¸Û¡AnªA±q¥LªºÄ~©Ó¤H¡C¥L«ü©w¦ã¥¬•§B§Jº¸¡]Abu Bakr¡^¦b¥L¯f«®É¥N¥L±a»â§«ô¡C¦³¨Ç¤H»{¬°¡A³o´N·t¥Ü¤F§B§Jº¸±NÄ~©Ó¿p¨uÀq¼wªº¦a¦ì¡C632¦~6¤ë8¤é¡A¿p¨uÀq¼w¦º¦b¤F¥Lªº©d¤lªü¥ì²ïªº©Ð¶¡ùØ¡A¦º®É½ö¦b¦oªº¤j»L¤W¡C¾Ú説´N¦b¥L««¦ºªº¨ºÓ¦a¤è«õ¤F¤@Ó¼X¹Ó¡A§âªü©Ô§B¥b®qªº³o¦ì¥ýª¾¸®¦b¤Fùر¡C«á¨ÓÁ٫سy¤F¤@®y²M¯u¦x¡A¥s°µ¥ýª¾¦x¡A³o®y¼X¹Ó¤]¦¨¤F¤@Ó´ÂÂѤ§¦a¡C ¥ì´µÄõªºÂX±i ¿p¨uÀq¼w¤@¦º¡AÅv¤Oªº争¹Ü´N¶}©l¤F¡CªüùجO§_¯uªº³Q¿p¨uÀq¼w¥ô©R¬°Ä~©ÓªÌ¤w¤£«n¤F¡A¨ä¥L»â¾ÉªÌ¦}¤£±ÀÁ|¥L¡A¦]¬°¥L̳̫áÁÙ¬O®Ä©¾¤F¦ã¥¬•§B§Jº¸¡C¥L¦¨¤F²Ä¤@¥ô«¢ùصo¡]caliph¡A¥N²z¤H¡A©ÎªÌ説¯u¥Dªº¥Nªí¡^¡A«á±±µ着¦³¹L¤T¥ô«¢ùصo¡A©Ò¦³ªº«¢ùصo³£¬O³Q¨ä¥Lªº¿p´µªL©Ò·t±þªº¡C²Ä¥|¥ô¬OªüùØ¡C¾Ô争±µ¤G³s¤T¡A¿p´µªL¤¬¬Û´Ý±þ¡CºÉºÞ°ê内§Î¶ÕÄY®m¡A¿p´µªLx¶¤ÁÙ¬O½ñ¨B¦V«e©ºªA着¥@¬É¡C¥L̨ú±o¤F¥O¤H·N·Q¤£¨ìªº¦¨¥\¡A¥L̬۫H³o¬O¯u¥D»P¥L̦P¦bªº©úÃÒ¡C ³Q©v±Ð¨g¼ö©M±°¹Ü©ºªAªº±ý±æ©Ò¿EÀyªº¿p´µªLx¶¤¡A¦b«Üµuªº®É¶¡内¡A´N撃±Ñ¤Fªi´µ©M«ô¥e®x«Ò°êªºx¶¤¡C¥LÌ©ºªA¤F叙§Q¨È©M®J¤Î¡A²¾®v¥_«D¡A·Q©ºªA¨ºùؤ@ª½³Q°ò·þ®{©Ò°í©T¥e¦³ªº¤g¦a¡A¥LÌÁÙ¥e»â¤F¦è¯Z¤ú¡C¥u¦³¦b732¦~¡Aªk°êªº¹Ïº¸¤§§Ð¤¤¡A¥L̦è¶iªº¨B¥ï¤~³Q¬dùØ• °¨¯S¡]Charles Martel¡^©Ò¹K¨î¡CªFÂXªº¤è¦V¤W¤]©Ò¦V©ÜÃû¡A©ºªA¤F©Ò¦³¤g¦a¡A¨ì¹F¤F奥§JÂÄ´µªe¡]Oxus¡^©M¦L«×ªe¡CµL½×¬OÉ着©M¥¤è¦¡ÁÙ¬OªZ¤O«Â¯Ù¡A¥ì´µÄõÄ~ÄòÂX±i着¡Aª½¨ì¥¦½L½õ¦b¾ãӨȬw©M«D¬w¬°¤î¡C²{¦b¡A¥@¬É¤W¤¤À¤§¤@ªº¤H¤f¦]¦Û¤v¬°¿p´µªL¦Ó¦Û»¨¡C ¿Å¶q¤§«áÅ㤣¨¬ §Ṳ́w¸gºÉ¶qã½T¤½¥¿¦aÁ¿z¤F¥ì´µÄõªº³Ð¥ßªÌ¿p¨uÀq¼wªº¬G¨Æ¡C«ç様µû»ù¿p¨uÀq¼w¡H§Ú̪í¹F¤F¹ï¥Lªº¨C¤@ºØ¥i¯àªº¬Ýªk¡C¥L³Q´y¼g¦¨¯u¥D¡]¦w©Ô¡^³Ì§¹¬ü³Ì¸t¼äªº¥ýª¾¡AÁÙ³Q¬Ý§@¬O¤@Ó´cÅ]ªº¤Æ¨¡C®Ú¾Ú¦ý¤Bªº´yz¡A¥L¬O¸sÅ]¤§º¡A¦]¬°¥LÅý³\¦h¤H»~¤Jª[³~¡C¥L¬O¤@Ó¯à¤O¶W¤Zªº¤H¡A¦b´X¥GµLªk§JªAªº§xÃø±«e¨ú±o¤F«D¤Zªº¦¨¥\¡A³o¤@ÂI¤]¬O¤Å±e¸mºÃªº¡C§@¬°¤@Ó»â³S¡A¥L¨ã¦³ªN¥Xªº¤~¯à¡Aűo¤F¤H̪º©¾¤ß¡C¥LÁÙ¬O¤@Ó«D±`°@·qªº¤H¡A¥L¼¨«ë°¸¹³¡A¥þ¤ß¥þ·N¼ö±¡µL¤ñ¦a¨Æ©^¥L©Ò»{©wªº°ß¤@¯u¯«¦w©Ô¡C¥L¦b«Å´¤@¯«½×±Ð¸q®É¡Aªí²{¥Xªº«i®ð©M¦Ê§é¤£¼¸ªº决¤ß½T¹ê¥O¤H¹ª»R¡C µM¦Ó¡A·í³o¦ì°¶¤Hªº¥Í©R¥ÎC¿q°ò·þªº¼Ðã¨Ó¿Å¶q®É¡A´N¥i¥Hµo²{¥Lªº¤£¨¬¤§³B¤F¡C¥L¤@¶}©l¦n¹³¦p¦Û¤v©Ò»{¬°ªº¨º様¡A¬O¤@Ó¯u¸Û¦Ó¶¶±qªº¯u²z¶Ç¼½ªÌ¡C¦ý¨ì¤F¥L¥Í©Rªº¤@Ó¶¥¬q¡A¥L°g¥¢¤F¡A¨«¤W¤F¤@±ø¿ù»~ªº¹D¸ô¡A¾ÉP¥L©MµL¼Æ¸òÀH¥Lªº¤H¶V¨Ó¶V»·Â÷¯u²z¡C¤]³\¥LÌ©¿µø¤F©ÎªÌ®Ú¥»¤£¤F¸Ñ°ò·þªº±Ð¸q¡C¿p¨uÀq¼w±q¨Ó¤£ª¾¹D¡A¦w©Ô¦b½ç¤U¥Lªº¨à¤l§@¬°Å«¸o²½¥H¬@±Ï¥@¬É®É¡A¹ï¤HÃþªº·R¦³¦h¤j¡C ¥Ñ¤_没¦³¯u¥¿¦a¤F¸Ñ¦w©Ô¡A¿p¨uÀq¼w±N¬Fªv§Q¯q¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬OÓ¤H°¾·R¸m¤_¥L©Ò±Ð¾Éªº¹D¼w©MÛ²zì«h¤§¤W¡C§Y«K¥Lªº¤@¨Ç¦æ¬°³sÉݱЪü©Ô§B¤H³£»{¬°¬O¿ù»~ªº¡A¦ý¥L§Q¥Î¦ÛºÙ¨Ó¦Û¯u¥D¡]¦w©Ô¡^ªº啓¥Ü¡A¨ÓÃÒ©ú¥Lªº¦æ¬°¬O¥¿·íªº¡C¥LÁnºÙ¥ì´µÄõ¤w¸g¨ú¥N¤F°ò·þ±Ð¡A¥L§@¬°«Ê¦Lªº¸t¤H¤w¸g¥N´À¤F°ò·þ¡A©Ú絶±µ¨ü¦w©Ô¸t¼äªº¥Øªº¡X¡X°ß¦³É着°ò·þ¨Ó¬@±Ï¥@¬É¡C¦w©Ôªº¨C¤@¦ì¯u¥¿¥ýª¾ªº«H®§¥²¶·©M¥L¤§«e衆¥ýª¾ªº«H®§¤@P¡CµM¦Ó¿p¨uÀq¼wªº«H®§¦b³\¦h«n¤è±¡A»P¥ý«eªº¥ýª¾©M¨Ï®{©Ò¹üÅ㪺¦w©Ôªº¹D¬Û¥Ù¬Þ¡A¯S¹û¬O¦bC¿q°ò·þªº¯u²z¤è±¤£¤@P¡A©Ò¥H°ò·þ®{¤£¥i¯à»{¬°¿p¨uÀq¼w¤]¬O¦w©Ôªº¤@¦ì¥ýª¾¡C¬Û¤Ï¡A¥L却¬O°ò·þ©Ò¹w¨¥ªº¨º¨Ç¤Þ¤H»~¤Jª[³~ªº¤H¡]°¨¤ÓºÖµ24¡G24-25¡^¡C¬°¤F¬@±Ï¥LÌ¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·¤£Ã㨯W¡AÀµ¤Áë§i¡C ²Ä¤@½Òªº«ÂI閲Ū¨ì¦¹µ²§ô¡A½Ð¬Ý閲Ū©M¬¡°Ê±ÀÂË¡C °ò·þ±Ð©M¦´Áªº¥ì´µÄõ §@ªÌ¡G¶ë¥Àº¸•Àqµá¯S (Samuel H. 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M. Watt¼g¹Dªº¨º様¡A¡u¥jÄõ¸gµ¹ªü©Ô§B¤H´£¨Ñ¤F¬Û·í¤_µS¤Ó±Ð©M°ò·þ±Ðªº¤@¯«½×Æ[ÂI¡A¦ý没¦³¥L̪º¬FªvªÈ¸¯¡C¡v28 µM¦Ó¡A¿p¨uÀq¼w¬°¤°麽©l²×没¦³¦¨¬°°ò·þ®{¡A¨ä¤¤³Ì¥DnªºÃöÁäì¦]¬O¡A¦b¥LªºÆF»î²`³B«D±`强¯P¦a½T«H¡A¡u¦Ü¤¯¦Ü·O¡vªº°ß¤@¯u¥D¤w¸g´z¿ï¤F¥L¬°°ª¤_©Ò¦³¥ýª¾ªº¨ÏªÌ¡A¦}¥B¥H¤@ºØ¯S®í¤è¦¡ª½±µ¹ï¥L説¸Ü¡A³o¬O«eµL¥j¤H«áµL¨ÓªÌªº¨Æ±¡¡C¿p¨uÀq¼wªº°Ê¤O¤£¬O¨Ó¦Û¤_¥L¹ï¨ä¥L«H¥õ¡BªÀ·|¼Ò¦¡©Î¬F©²ªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¦Ó¬O¨Ó¦Û¤_¹ï¥L¦Û¤vªº©v±Ð¹ýÀY¹ý§Àªº²`«H¤£²¾¡C¥L¬O¤@Ó¦Û§Ú»{©wªº¥ýª¾¡A¨º´N¬O¥Lªº¤O¶q¡F¹ï¨º¨Ç没¦³¸òÀH¥Lªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A¨º´N¬O¥Lªº³n®z¡C ²Ä¤@½Òªº°ò¥»閲Ū¨ì¦¹µ²§ô¡C½Ð¬Ý閲Ū©M¬¡°Ê±ÀÂË¡C °ÝÃD°Q½× 1. «ä¦Ò¤@¤U§A¾Ç²ß¤FÃö¤_¿p¨uÀq¼wªºþ¨ÇªF¦è¡C¤°麽¨Æ±¡¼W强¤F§A¹ï¿p¨uÀq¼w©M¥ì´µÄõªº²z¸Ñ¡H§A¹ï¥Lªº·q·N¦³没¦³§ïÅÜ¡H 2. «ä¦Ò¤@¤U¿p¨uÀq¼w®É¥Nªº°ò·þ±Ð¬O«ç様ªºª¬况¡C¿p¨uÀq¼w»PµS¤Ó¤H¡B°ò·þ®{©M¥L̪º¸t®Ñ¤§¶¡¦³«ç様ªº¬Û¤¬§@¥Î¡H¥L̹ï¥Lªº¦L¶H¬O¤°麽¡H¬°¤°麽¡H 3. §A©Ò¾Ç¨ìªºªF¦è¹ï¤µ¤Ñªº°ò·þ®{¦³¤°麽様ªº啓¥Ü©O¡H §Àª`¡G 1. Histoire Nestorienne (Chronicle of Seert), A. Scher, ed., in PO t. 13, fasc. 4, no. 65, p. 581f. The date of the Chronicle is uncertain; internal evidence suggests either after a.d. 828 or 1228. 2. On the Christian side, the treaty, as quoted at length by the Chronicle of Seert (pp. 601ff.), extends its provisions to all Christian sects. Mari ibn Suleiman, a Nestorian historian of the twelfth century, gives a different version that attributes the pact to a direct meeting between Muhammad (before his death in a.d. 632) and the Nestorian patriarch Yeshuyab II (a.d. 628¡V43); cited by L. E. Browne, The Eclipse of Christianity in Asia from the Time of Muhammad till the Fourteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), p. 41. On the Arab side, references to the treaty are found in Baladhuri, a ninth-century Persian historian (Kitab al-farq bain al-firaq, P. K. Hitti, trans. [Cairo, 1924]). Six copies of the ¡§Covenant of the Prophet¡¨ are still preserved in St. Catherine¡¦s Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai; cited by A. S. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity (London: Methuen, 1968), p. 268. 3. There are numerous references to Christian Nejran in the early biographies of Muhammad, especially in ibn-Ishaq (707¡V773), Sirat Rasul Allah (as edited by ibn-Hisham in the ninth century), trans. by A. Guillaume as The Life of Muhammad (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 14ff. See Guillaume¡¦s comments, p. xviii. See also ibn-Ishaq¡¦s lengthy account of the Christian deputation from Nejran to Muhammad in Medina, probably based on later memories, pp. 270ff. 4. Not until at least 125 years after Muhammad¡¦s death do the first collections of the historical traditions of his life begin to appear. 5. Ibid., pp.79¡V81. Ibn-Ishaq¡¦s is the first and best of the early biographies of the Prophet, well documented for the period after the Hijra of a.d. 622 but uncritical about the years before. Muslim historians used the legend to indicate recognition of Muhammad¡¦s holiness by a Christian, while Christians referred to it as proof that Christian teaching was the source of the Prophet¡¦s inspiration. 6. Ibid, p. 180. These early anecdotes are from the more uncritical section of the biography, the early period at Mecca. 7. R. Bell, The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment (London: Cass, 1926; reprint, 1968), pp. 57f. 8. K. Cragg, Muhammad and the Christian (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1984), p. 18. 9. See the account of his visions in the Qur¡¦an, Sura 53:1¡V18. 10. ¡§The extraordinary events of the seventh century completely reversed the role of the Arabs. From a peninsular people who had played a marginal and subordinate role in history, they develop into an imperial race and succeed in terminating the Indo-European interregnum in the Near East, reasserting Semite political presence in the region, and carrying the Semitic political factor into the medieval world by the foundation of a universal state¡¨; Irfan Shahid, in P. M. Holt, et al., eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 25f. 11. Ibn-Ishaq, pp. 112¡V231. 12. Madinat al-nabi, i.e., ¡§city of the Prophet.¡¨ 13. a.h. (anno Hegirae) 1, therefore, is a.d. 622. On the problem of correlating the qur¡¦anic and western calendars and fixing the date, see E. J. Brill, First Encyclopedia of Islam, ¡§Hidjra (Hijra),¡¨ (Leiden, 1987). 14. ¡§The Jews have their religion and the Muslims have theirs¡KEach must help the other against anyone who attacks the people of this document,¡¨ Ibn-Ishaq, p. 233. 15. Ibid., pp. 239¡V70. 16. The best critical analysis of this period is W. M. Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Clarendon, 1956); I follow his interpretation. 17. See the account and analysis in Watt, pp. 204¡V20. Also Ibn-Ishaq, pp. 239¡V47. 18. In the later development of Islam, however, it must be remembered that, as Goldziher noted long ago, ¡§The Sunna [tradition] is the judge over the Koran [Qur¡¦an], and not the Koran judge of the Sunna¡¨; I. Goldziher, Mohammedanische Suidien, vol. 2 (Halle: Niemeyer, 1889), p. 19. 19. See Bell¡¦s discussion of Christian and Jewish influences on Muhammad, pp. 100ff. 20. Browne, p. 14. Historians are uncertain about the degree of Muhammad¡¦s own literacy. He used secretaries. One of his wives (Hafsa) could read and write; two others could read but not write. 21. It is not known when the first translation of the gospels into Arabic was made. A tradition, repeated by Bar Hebraeus (Abu¡¦l Faraj) in the thirteenth century, relates that an Arab prince ordered ¡§a Monophysite named John¡¨ to make a translation around the year a.d. 635, but the earliest surviving frag-ments cannot be dated earlier than the ninth century; see B. Spuler, The Muslim World, pt. I (Leiden: Brill, 1960), p. 26, n. 1. Whatever Muhammad may have learned directly of the Christian Scriptures must have come from oral communication. See Brill, First Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden, 1987), pp. 1913¡V1936ff, on Injil (or Indjil, gospel). Injil in the Qur¡¦an refers primarily to the revelation of God to Jesus, and secondarily to the Christian Scriptures. 22. Spuler, p. 117. 23. References and quotations from the Qur¡¦an are from the translation of A. Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Quran: Text [in Arabic], Translation [in English], and Commentary (Cairo, Beirut, and Lahore, 1938ff.), which is the work of a committed Muslim. For felicitous English phrasing, compare A. J. Arberry in Oxford¡¦s the World¡¦s Classics series, The Koran Interpreted (Oxford, London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). Verse numbering varies slightly in other translations. 24. See especially Suras 3, 5, and 19, which are named for events connected with Jesus. Other scattered references should be noted, particularly Sura 2:87, 253; 4:157¡V159, 171; 9:30¡V31; 43:57¡V65; 57:26¡V27; and 61:6. For extended treatments of Jesus as portrayed in the Qur¡¦an, see G. Parrinder, Jesus in the Qur¡¦an (New York: Sheldon, 1965); S. M. Zwemer, The Moslem Christ, An Essay on the Life, Character, and Teachings of Jesus Christ According to the Koran and Orthodox Tradition (New York: American Tract Society, 1912); and Cragg, pp. 100¡V120. 25. Muslim commentators have never quite been able to correlate the statement in Sura 4:157 that Jesus did not die, with that in Sura 3:55, where God says (in literal translation), ¡§I will make thee die.¡¨ Muslim translations soften this in English to, ¡§I will take thee.¡¨ 26. W. Muir, The Life of Mohammed (Edinburgh: Grant, 1923), pp. xxff. 27. Some, like T. P. Hughes, in A Dictionary of Islam (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1885; reprint, 1964), argue that the Qur¡¦an never disputes the genuine inspiration of the New Testament text, but only refers to its distortion by Christians in their reading of it; see article on ¡§Injil.¡¨ 28. Holt, et al., eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 33¡V35. See also Bell, p. 12f °O 録 |