Leone Caetani was born into a very prominent Italian family. His father was the Prince of Teano, and the Duke of Sermoneta. Caetani taught himself several Oriental languages and conducted extensive research on the Qur'an and Islam. Between 1904-26, Caetani published his monumental work Annali dell' Islam.

Leone Caetani conducted a critical analysis of Islam and the Qur'an. Based on his extensive research, Caetani dismissed the authenticity of most of the traditions which record the early life of Muhammad. Leone Caetani also served as a deputy of the Italian Parliament (1909-1913).

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